Electric Signals Help Immune Cells Find Their Way
11-19-2025
The body’s immune system is constantly on patrol, deploying billions of specialized cells to detect and destroy harmful invaders.
Among the first to respond are neutrophils — fast-moving white blood cells that rush to sites of infection or injury. But how do these tiny first responders know where to go?
A new study led by Purdue University researchers reveals that electrical signals across a cell’s membrane — a form of bioelectricity — play a critical role in how immune cells navigate. The team discovered that an ion channel called Kir7.1 acts as a gatekeeper, controlling the flow of potassium ions and allowing neutrophils to sense direction and move efficiently toward chemical cues in their environment.
The research, published under the title “Inwardly rectifying potassium channels promote directional sensing during neutrophil chemotaxis,” was led by Qing Deng, professor of biological sciences, and GuangJun Zhang, John T. and Winifred M. Hayward Professor of Genetic Research, Genetic Epidemiology and Comparative Medicine. Their laboratories are based in Purdue’s College of Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, respectively.
A collaborative discovery
The project brought together expertise from across Purdue, including:
- Qing Deng, Department of Biological Sciences – co–senior author who co-led the project and oversaw experiments on neutrophil migration.
- GuangJun Zhang, Department of Comparative Pathobiology – co–senior author who co-initiated the study and co-supervised the research.
- Krishna Jayant, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering and Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience – contributed to membrane voltage quantification.
- Chongli Yuan, Davidson School of Chemical Engineering – contributed to quantitative membrane voltage analyses.
- Alexander Chubykin, Department of Biological Sciences and Purdue Autism Research Center – provided expertise in neural bioelectricity and electrophysiology.
- Christopher J. Staiger, Departments of Biological Sciences and Botany and Plant Pathology – developed the photoactivation techniques used in the study.
Together, these groups combined cell biology, engineering, and neuroscience to uncover how electrical activity within immune cells drives their movement — a discovery made possible through Purdue’s highly collaborative research environment.
The electric compass inside immune cells
Every cell in the body maintains a voltage difference across its outer membrane, caused by the uneven distribution of charged particles like potassium and sodium. This voltage — known as the membrane potential — acts like an internal electric field that can influence how a cell behaves.
In neurons, for example, electrical impulses control communication and reflexes. The Purdue team found that neutrophils, although not nerve cells, use a similar electrical system to guide their movement.
“When a neutrophil is at rest, its membrane voltage is suppressed,” Deng explained. “But when the immune system calls it into action, the voltage changes — the front of the cell becomes more excited while the back becomes more inhibited. That electrical difference helps the cell know which direction to move.”
In other words, Kir7.1 helps keep the cell in a “ready but restrained” state. When a signal from damaged tissue or a pathogen appears, this electrical balance shifts, allowing the cell to form a leading edge and move toward the target.
Seeing electricity in motion
Using advanced imaging and photoactivation techniques developed in the Staiger Lab, researchers were able to visualize and manipulate the electrical potential across individual immune cells. When they artificially changed the voltage in specific regions of a cell, they could direct where new protrusions formed — effectively steering the cell with light.
“It’s like watching an immune cell think,” said Zhang. “By controlling its electrical state, we could actually influence the direction it chose to move.”
The researchers also demonstrated that when the cells were made too electrically quiet — overly hyperpolarized — they stalled, unable to move at all. These findings show that maintaining a precise electrical balance is essential for effective immune response.
Immune cells that act like neurons
Deng often compares this process to how neurons fire signals in the brain. “We found that immune cells are like neurons,” she said. “Their membrane voltage is normally suppressed, but when action is needed, it quickly rises to activate the cell.”
This insight adds a new dimension to how scientists understand immune cell behavior. It suggests that bioelectricity is not just a feature of the nervous system — it is a universal control mechanism that may guide many types of cell movement and communication.
Potential applications and future directions
Understanding how membrane voltage controls cell movement could eventually lead to new ways to guide immune cells in the body. The team envisions that cell depolarization might be used one day to direct immune cells toward tumors or sites of inflammation, offering new therapeutic strategies for cancer and autoimmune diseases.
"Bioelectricity does not stop with the neuromuscular and immune systems." Zhang said, "This multifaceted biophysical signaling is also rapidly finding its way into embryonic development, organogenesis, regeneration, and cancer."
Research powered by Purdue collaboration
This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health and the Purdue Institute for Cancer Research. Additional support came from the EMBRIO Institute, a National Science Foundation Biology Integration Institute.
“Our discovery was only possible because of the collaborative culture and resources here at Purdue,” Deng said. “It started as a partnership between two labs, and grew to include engineers, neuroscientists, and biophysicists — all working together to see how electricity drives life at the cellular level.”
About the Department of Biological Sciences at Purdue University
The Department of Biological Sciences is the largest life sciences department at Purdue University. As part of Purdue One Health, we are dedicated to pioneering scientific discoveries and transformative education at the cutting edge of innovation. From molecules to cells, from tissues to organisms, from populations to ecosystems - we bring together multiple perspectives, integrating across biological scales to advance our understanding of life and tackle the world’s most pressing challenges. Learn more at bio.purdue.edu/.
About the Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine
The College of Veterinary Medicine at Purdue University is one of few veterinary schools nationally that educate all members of the veterinary team, including veterinarians, veterinary technicians, specialists, and scholars in Basic Medical Sciences, Comparative Pathobiology, and Veterinary Clinical Sciences. Home to the Purdue University Veterinary Hospital and Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, the college serves as a major referral center for the diagnosis and treatment of animal diseases. Faculty conduct research that aligns with Purdue’s One Health initiative to bring about real-world impact at the intersection of human, animal and environmental health, with an emphasis on infectious diseases and immunology; cancer; neuroscience; musculoskeletal biology and orthopedics; and animal welfare science and the human-animal bond. For more information visit www.vet.purdue.edu.
Writer: Alisha Willett, amwillet@purdue.eduSource: Qing Deng, qingdeng@purdue.edu
GuangJun Zhang, gizhang@purdue.edu